ABSTRACT
The urothelium is a transitional epithelium which lines on the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder and proximal urethra adjacent to the bladder. It’s a permeability barrier. In the process of urothelial development or injury repair, the mature urothelial cells expressing uroplakin appears after the hierarchical transcription of a series of transcription factors in basal stem cells. Understanding normal urothelial differentiation process of the urothelial cells could be beneficial to uncover the development of urothelial carcinoma so that to provide targeted therapy options and the study of the urinary tract repair process after injury. In addition, the study of stem cell differentiation microenvironment also provides important theoretical support for tissue engineering and tissue reconstruction. In this review, we discuss the latest findings on urothelial cell differentiation and its clinical significance.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the impacts of acromion morphology on acromion osteolysis and fracture after clavicular hook plate fixation.Methods The clinical data were analyzed retrospectively of 255 patients who had been treated by clavicle hook plate from January 1st,2011 through December 31th,2012 at Department of Orthopedics,Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital.They were 182 males and 73 females with an average age of 46.6 years (from 14 to 76 years).Of them,130 were diagnosed with distal clavicular fracture,of which 126 were acute cases (within 14 days) and 4 chronic ones.The other 125 patients were diagnosed with acromioclavicular dislocation,of which 121 were acute cases and 4 chronic ones.Radiological data were reviewed to analyze the morphology and clinical outcome of acromion osteolysis.The hook-acromion (HA) angle was measured and the relationships between HA angles and different types of acromion osteolysis were statistically analyzed.Results The follow-up for the 255 patients averaged 6 months (from 1 to 24months).Acromion osteolysis with different migrations of clavicular hook plate was observed in 175 cases (68.6％),of which 77 were type Ⅰ (osteolysis with clavicular hook migration) and 98 type Ⅱ (osteolysis without clavicular hook migration).Acromion fractures were observed in the other 6 cases (2.35％).The HA angles in type Ⅰ osteolysis (11.05° ± 11.69°) were significantly larger than that in type Ⅱ (6.36° ± 11.47°)(P ＜ 0.05) Conclusions An increased HA angle may be a risk factor for acromion osteolysis with clavicular hook migration and acromion fracture.Variation in acromion morphology may increase the HA angle.Stress localization may be one of the mechanisms of acromion osteolysis and fractures.
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Background and purpose:The previous research has found that the prostate stromal cells derived from different prostate zones have distinct effect on prostate epithelial cells. We also revealed that LMO2 protein was highly expressed in PZ stromal cells (PZSCs) and prostate cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) compared with TZ stromal cells. This study investigated the effect of LMO2 protein in prostate stromal cells on proliferation and invasion of prostate cancer PC-3 cells and its mechanisms. Methods:Lentivirus overexpression vectors were used to establish LMO2-overexpressed prostate WPMY-1 stromal cell line. shRNA plasmids were used to suppress LMO2 in CAFs. LMO2 mRNA and protein level of both WPMY-1 and CAFs were evaluated by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTFQ-PCR) and Western blot. Then, PC-3 cells were co-cultured with different prostate stromal cells and the in vitro proliferation and invasion of PC-3 were measured by CCK-8 and matrigel invasion assays respectively. Results:When co-cultured with LMO2-overexpressed prostate stromal cells, both proliferation and in-vasion of PC-3 were improved. However, when co-cultured with CAFs which have inhibited expression of LMO2, the proliferation and invasion of PC-3 were reduced. The protein array proifling found that both interleukin-11 (IL-11) and ifbroblast growth factor-9 (FGF-9) were enhanced extensively in the supernatant collected from LMO2-overexpressed WPMY-1 cells. Conclusion:The expression of LMO2 in prostate stromal cells could be responsible for development of prostate cancer. Paracrine of cytokines, such as IL-11 and FGF-9, from LMO2-overexpressed stromal cells had effects on the proliferation and invasion of prostate cancer cells.
ABSTRACT
We collected the medical data of conscription physical examination from a certain county,Shandong Province,in August 2013.A cohort of 711 young males aged from 17 to 24 years were included.Among them,231 cases were diagnosed with varicocele (VC) with a prevalence of 32.49％ (231/ 711).Its grades were Ⅰ ° VC(n =5,2.2％),Ⅱ ° VC (n =165,71.4％) and Ⅲ° VC(n =54,23.4％).And 7 cases (3.0％) had surgical intervention.Our reported prevalence was significantly higher than that in the literature.Further researches are waranteed.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of LMO2 gene,which is overexpressed in prostate peripheral zone than transitional zone,on proliferation and invasion of prostate cancer PC-3 cell line or normal prostate epithelial BPH-1 cell line.Methods Lentivirus overexpression system was used to establish the LMO2 protein overexpressed prostate WPMY-1 stromal cell line.The LMO2 mRNA and protein expression level of those cells was evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blot.The PC-3 or BPH-1 cells was cocultured with prostate stromal cells and the in vitro proliferation and invasion activity were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8),EdU and Matrigel invasive assays.Results The stable LMO2 overexpressed prostate stromal cells WPMY-1-LMO2 was successfully established.The results of CCK-8,EdU experiments indicated the proliferation and invasion activity of PC-3 or BPH-1 cells were both enhanced through cocultured with WPMY-1-LMO2 cells.The proportion of EdU positive cells of PC-3 cultured in WPMY-1-LMO2 supernatant was (42.67 ± 6.03) ％,and the difference was significant compared with the control group (29.33 ± 3.51) ％ (P ＜ 0.05).The BPH-1 culturcd in the supernatant was (35.00 ± 2.52) ％,aud the difference was significant compared with the control group (23.33 ± 2.52) ％ (P ＜ 0.05).The number of invaded PC-3 or BPH-1 cells after co-cultured with WPMY-1-LMO2 cells was 38 ± 5 and 43 ± 3,respectively,which was significantly different compared with the control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Tbe LMO2 overexpressed prostate stromal cells could induce proliferation and invasion of PC-3 or BPH-1 cells.The propensity of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer at different zones may probably be related to distinctive gene expression between peripheral zone and transitional zone derived stromal cells.